The documentary approach
The article reproduced below (with permission of authors), announces the procedures to access the information you need both to produce a documentary record, only to write your paper, or notify you of changes in your practice.
To find technical information, scientific and / or literature in the field paramedics, medical or health, and identify relevant documents, you need to implement methods and skills in the questioning of sources of information you have. These information sources are multiple and do not always seem comfortable at first. Use and operate successfully catalogs, databases and online resources first requires a learning time, effective tactics and then to query, select records and progress in your approach. This article will give you avenues to obtain information necessary for your research.
Article published for the first time in the journal Obstetrics records, No. 349, May 2006, pp . 30-33.
MAKING A LITERATURE SEARCH
Authors:
Raphaële Bussemey ( Raphaele.BUSSEMEY @ univ-bpclermont.fr )
Library Community Interuniversity of Clermont-Ferrand
Library Community Interuniversity of Clermont-Ferrand
Jean-Charles Houpier ( John Charles.Houpier @ scd.uhp-nancy.fr )
Common Service Documentation of the University Henri Poincare of NANCY 1
Common Service Documentation of the University Henri Poincare of NANCY 1
The scientific community in general and medical per- particular needs to constantly update the knowledge and skills how acquired in training ini - tial , update knowledge by learning the latest discoveries, new techniques, etc.. The changes are very rapid in this area, the validity - ity information frequently does not exceed 5 years. However, the proportion of time spent by the medical profession in search of information is very low compared to the frequency and mass requirements. He must learn to learn quickly and efficiently, that is to say, namely selective information gathering, pre-CISE , specialized and regularly updated.
Before going further, it must agree on some key concepts of the documentation work.
Information is information or a fact and a dataset providing knowledge. Information and knowledge are intimately linked. Information is a gateway to knowledge. It is transmitted through various media: written, audiovisual, human voice, optical and digital channels ... The scientific paper is the one whose information content is original.
The term bibliography (from the Greek " biblion " book, and " raphein " write ) denotes both lists of references at the end of an article or a book; directories containing ing references to publications by a particular author or related to a given subject, and the working method to any researcher to find the most convenient way possible the information or documents that meet their needs. A bibliography is therefore to undertake a literature search, with tools appropriate to draft a document with references sources.
The documentation is a set of techniques that can process information in order to find and provide it. Gather information is firstly how to organize his personal documentation (information to which reference is made daily), and secondly to know and use effectively the sources of information for ad hoc research.
Know how to document, so it know and use information resources related to his work: official documents, publications, web sites but also automatic mailing lists (individual profile or group profile), associations, agencies and appropriate documentation centers.
biomedical information sources are very diverse. New media have emerged printed next to the classics. _
Review ( serial or periodic ) is the preferred medium of scientific communication because it allows the release of relatively short texts in less time. It is a joint publication in the form of booklets comprising articles, the frequency of publication varies: the selection of articles selected may be made by a committee; the time of acceptance and publication of the articles are of order of a few months. The quality of a journal is difficult to measure, but the index is more objective in his presence major international bibliographies. The number of scientific journals is considerable, making it an invaluable source of wealth, but also a jungle in which it is difficult to identify, as far as we are currently witnessing an explosion in the supply version mail. For example, the university library physician Nancy subscribes to approximately 500 print journals, but it offers on its web site access to nearly 5000 titles.
_ The Book ( book or monograph ) assembles a information - training published once and most often an update on an issue. Be aware of deadlines for implementation: there is often close to 2 years from the time we decide to publish and release. Fall into this category of print encyclopedias and dictionaries. They offer indeed a information - synthetic training invaluable when you begin a literature search. _
publications Congress are highly sought because they include the most advanced work of world experts a question. So it is a specialized information and recent. This information is transmitted in three forms: monographs, periodicals and form of documents distributed directly to conference participants (or brochures rap-port non-marketed).
_ is called gray literature finally all documents that are not available in commercial channels - cial usual. These documents are most often a source of relevant information but res - tent difficult identifiable. They may be in the form of a brochure, circular, memorandum or report, dissertation or thesis. The advent the Internet has put online a de gran part of these materials, but the search is laborious, since 'no national bibliography can not identify them.
If the paper remains dominant , increasingly information are available directly through the Internet. This applies to articles published in electronic version - but access is restricted to estab - establishments subscribers - especially reports or official documents found on the websites of scholarly societies, research organizations or institutions . However, what makes the biggest difference over the years-not Sees is the existence of electronic tools search documentary. The old paper indexes and directories that are found in libraries gave way to very powerful online tools. Besides search engines on the Internet, popular with uti - USER_GROUP but irrelevant for research Special - ized, we can now use directories, catalogs and databases specialized in the biomedical field. They are effective but their use tion requires some learning , mainly because they operate , like the old files from libraries through indexes, ie ie lists of keywords.
So there is indeed a language documentary which should be used wisely to benefit from relevant research. The language documentary is the system of keywords that can find the reference Bibliographic documents. Indexing is the process of assigning a number of keywords or descriptors of- a document to translate as close as the content and this is done, usually by specialists of area. In databases, language documentary is generally controlled. It may be in the form of lexicon (alphabetical list keywords) or as thesau -rus ( hierarchical list of descriptors). Medicine, the thesaurus most commonly used is the Medical subject heading (1) (MeSH ) developed by the National Library of Medicine to U.S. . A research document - commentary well conducted thus began a careful analysis of the story in order to extract the fundamental concepts , which are then used as keywords. Does it still the terms you have to be listed in the thesaurus . Thus, you Research the private practice of the profession of midwifery; you're tempted to use the term business , midwife , Liberal . However, there is no answer to your query, because the thesaurus does not recognize the words chosen. A business is preferable profession because the keyword in this MeSH is professional midwife. It is unnecessary and impossible to remember all the words - key thesaurus, but this example shows that many consider using synonyms where appropriate.
Reference works such as dic - officials [1, 2] and encyclopedias [3, 4] to initially identify the contours of a question, give of information Basic and ren overseer to other sources (2). It is important to con-sult when addressing a problem . When the research subject is well posed, one must address the specialized tools such as catalogs and databases. The former are often the preserve of biblio- libraries and identify the monographs and magazines while the latter offer pos-ing a search more targeted among the multitude of ar - ticles published. Besides the possibility of successive interview - tively several catalogs on the same sites of libraries, there are national catalogs, union catalogs, catalogs thematic directory - torient more wide scattered documents. The largest is the University System of documents - mentation [5] or Sudoc (3), which combines the collections of libraries French university, allowing to scan a single query all documents - elements identified in France . Other tanks infor-mation can be consulted in the areas scientific and biomedical. Include catalog biblio-theca Interuniversity of Medicine of Paris ( BLUM ) [6] and the Institute of Information scientific and technical ( INISTE ) [7]. The type of research the most effective in these catalogs is to search by topic (or keywords ) because it refers less noise (resulting - States inappropriate ) a word search Title. Does it still use the right word or the proper expression - sion. But in a catalog, the document language - commentary is necessarily less specific, more generally list because it brings together access to content very diverse and often highly specialized. For looking very punch-kill, it is preferable to examine the source of information - tion more specialized through his language documents - commentary also highly specialized.
The difficulty bibliography for midwives (A) resides in the fact that there is no tool specially dedicated to the profession. Therefore ap - puyer on tools, specialized course in the medical field, but most often directed at practitioners or researchers. Based Medline [8] is as such a good example. It lists most of the lit-erature medical, but caters to an audience of practice - cians English. Despite the presence of French journals - cophones in the database, such research should be conducted in English, and it is not always easy to direct a subject from the viewpoint of the midwife. However, this database provides information sum as essential medicine, especially as it offers access to the thesaurus MeSH , helpful dis - od cover the right keywords or specify a research topic. The National Library of Medicine (NLM ) provides, in addition to Medline, a search interface simultaneously in all databases and catalogs they have. NLM Gateway (4) makes it possible to reach a maximum number of references to books and articles in a single click. From
coast of French bases, we note the interest of basic Pascal (5), for scientific disciplines (access fee) and the Data Bank Public Health ( BDSP ) [9] that addresses all health professionals and health and social sectors. It responds very well to the expectations information on subjects located midway of medicine and social work. Include also the basis ClTAHL , specialized nursing care - Miers but available on CD or pay site.
Scientific Publishing not the only source of information, it is worth venturing off footpaths by books and articles to discover all the riches available on the Internet. A minimum of precaution is still necessary. The Internet does not have a system of quality control of information . If it does not diminish the value of its work using information poor quality or fake quote information -tion, one must be able to evaluate Web sites rencon - very . Since anyone can publish anything on the Internet , that user to exercise his critical mind. It is therefore important to consider the following criteria - solvents prior to appropriate information received: per - vance content, reputation of the source, date of update, ease of use . Two engines specialized - Lisesi can help sort through the web and access to reliable sites. The first is actually a database of sites developed by librarians CHU Rouen : Doc'CISMeF [10] uses the thesau -rus MeSH to make documents electronic medical sites francophones . It can therefore -expensive research sites by medical discipline, by subject, type of documents. The second is a search engine specialized in English-speaking scientific : Scirus [11] allows to find sites, but also articles, thanks to its base of reviews. Most factual information are available in directories or sites institutional who publish their data online. The National Council of the College of Midwives [12], the Ministry of Health [13] or the National Agency Accreditation and Health Evaluation [14] propose such records relevant to national debates - newspapers or regulation.
All research was conducted successfully, there remains one last job to do: redi - ger its bibliography. According AFNOR (6), "Bibliographic reference is a set of indications precise and detailed enough to allow identification a publication or part of publication. "It must be carefully drafted to allow the reader to quickly find the document. Guide to Citing bibliographic [15] proposed by the Centre for Documentation of the lnsa of Lyon, according to the current standard [16, 17] is a valuable and effective way to develop its bibliography. In addition to organizing its documents - mentation personal, one can use software for managing bibliographic references as Procite , Reference Manager or Endnote , which store and format all references encountered during the search.
NOTES
A (as for all students of paramedical courses - note the webmaster )
1 His description and its contents are available on the NLM :
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh . The thesaurus MeSH has been translated into French by Inserm : the Mesh bilingual available - Nibles site http://ist.inserm.fr/basismesh/mesh.html
2 Encyclopedia medico-surgical is available online, free for summary with authentication for full papers: http://www.em-consulte.com/produits/traites ( accessed 14/06/2008).
3 The catalog allows Sudoc search bibliographic - cal on the collections of libraries French and other academic institutions higher education for all types of documents and collections of periodicals from 2900 documentary centers . It also helps to know what biblio-libraries hold these documents.
4 NLM Gateway Search: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd ( accessed 09/21/2004 ).
5 The basic Pascal can be accessed from different interfaces fee. It is therefore not possible to give a ADDRESS -site is fixed. Should be checked on every site library the base is access - sible. 6 Definition
presented in the French standard Z44-005 [16]
REFERENCES
[1] GARNIER M., J. DELMAR, Diction-nary terms Medical . Paris: Maloine, 1993.
[2] Quevauvilliers J., L. Perlemuter, Dictionary Medical nurse. Paris: Masson, 1992.
[3] Encyclopedia medico-surgically treated OB / GYN. Paris: Editions Elsevier, updated quarterly. Also available on: http://www.em-consulte.com/produits/traites ( accessed 14/06/2008).
[4] Encyclopedia medico-surgical practice Treaty Akos Encyclopedia of Medicine. Paris: Editions scientific and Elsevier, 8 volumes, updated quarterly.
[5] ABES: Bibliographic Agency for Higher Education. University System of documentation [online]. Montpellier: OCLC Pica, 1999 to 2002. Available at: http://www.sudoc.abes.fr ( accessed 09/21/2004).
[6] BIUM: Interuniversity Library of Medicine. BIUM (Paris Interuniversity Library of Medicine and Dentistry) [online]. Paris: 1996. Available http://www.bium.univ-paris5.fr/medecine/debut.htm (Accessed 21/09/2004 ).
[7] INIST-CNRS Institute for Scientific and Technical Information - National Centre for Scientific Research. Search with Article @ INIST [online]. INIST-CNRS, 2004. Available at: http://services.inist.fr/public/fre/conslt.htm ( accessed 14/06/2008).
[8] NLM: National Library of Medicine. Enter Pubmed [online]. NCBI - NIH, 1997. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed (accessed the 24/09/2004).
[9] Network BDSP. BDSP, Databank Public Health [online]. Rennes: ENSP - Network BDSP, 1993. Available at: http://www.bdsp.tm.fr ( accessed 24/09/2004).
[10] CHU de Rouen. Doc'CISMeF: search Medicine [online]. Rouen: CHU de Rouen, 2008. Available at: http://doccismef.chu-rouen.fr/servlets/Simple ( accessed 14/06/2008).
[11] Elsevier. Scirus, for Scientific Information [online]. FAST - Elsevier, 2004. Available at: http://www.scirus.com ( accessed 24/09/2004).
[12] National College of Midwives. National Council of the Order of Elders - women [online]. Paris: National College of Midwives, 2002. Available at:
http://www.ordre-sages-femmes.fr ( accessed 24/09/2004).
[13] Department of Health and Welfare. Site Department of Health and social protection [online]. Paris: MSPS. Available at: http://www.sante.gouv.fr ( accessed 09/24/2004).
[14] ANAES: National Agency for Accreditation and Health Evaluation. www.anaes.fr [online]. Plaine Saint-Denis: ANAES. Available at: http://www.anaes.fr ( accessed 09/24/2004).
[15] D. BOUDIER, Nadja F. Management Guide references. Writing and quote [online]. Villeurbanne: Doc'INSA, 2004. Available at:
http://docinsa.insa-lyon.fr/refbibli/index.php ( accessed 14/06/2008).
[16] AFNOR: French Association for Standardization. bibliographical references. Content, form and structure . NF Z44-005. Paris: AFNOR, 1987.
[17] AFNOR: French Association for Standardization. bibliographical references. Part 2: electronic documents, documents or parts of documents . NF ISO 690-2 (Z44005-2). Paris: AFNOR, 1998.
databases to examine priority
part in preparation (06/10/2010)
The four major bibliographic databases, specialized presented and used in methods courses documentary, and some others are:
The database Public Health ( BDSP )
this basis, the simplest use, you will find mainly references to articles, but also other types of documents such as briefs or conference proceedings. Some documents are available directly online. They are indicated by icons in a file visible in the results list. You can select online resources upon registration of your search on the advanced search. You will find the index of reviews reported in this database at the following address: http://www.bdsp.ehesp.fr/Periodiques/Default.asp . When an article from a periodical you seem relevant to your search, you will its title track (the correct name of the journal) and compare it with the list of journals in library membership (state of the collections available to the section: funds the BEH this site) display in another window for example during the interrogation of the database. If the journal is subscription, you have to see in the library. If the journal is not a subscription, you can get a copy of the requested item through interlibrary loan (ILL) DDS from the University Paul Verlaine of Metz ( link ). This service requires prior registration on the spot.
University System Documentation ( SUDOC )
This bibliographic database, comprehensive, identifies funds by French academic libraries and associated documentation center, whose university libraries (or common service documentation) of medicine. You will not find references to articles . By cons, you can find most journals necessary to your research, as well as theses, memoirs and books. Some documents are available directly online. Access to the resource is then indicated in the display of the full record of the document. To locate a library that has a journal that is not available at the BEH, to request a reproduction of an article to the ILL DDS Metz example (after you register prior to the service of the ILL site) ( link ), you should use the "Where to find this document?" available on the bibliographic record for the magazine. The same approach will be to obtain books or memoirs.
catalog and index of French-speaking medical sites ( CISMEF )
2 Encyclopedia medico-surgical is available online, free for summary with authentication for full papers: http://www.em-consulte.com/produits/traites ( accessed 14/06/2008).
3 The catalog allows Sudoc search bibliographic - cal on the collections of libraries French and other academic institutions higher education for all types of documents and collections of periodicals from 2900 documentary centers . It also helps to know what biblio-libraries hold these documents.
4 NLM Gateway Search: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd ( accessed 09/21/2004 ).
5 The basic Pascal can be accessed from different interfaces fee. It is therefore not possible to give a ADDRESS -site is fixed. Should be checked on every site library the base is access - sible. 6 Definition
presented in the French standard Z44-005 [16]
REFERENCES
[1] GARNIER M., J. DELMAR, Diction-nary terms Medical . Paris: Maloine, 1993.
[2] Quevauvilliers J., L. Perlemuter, Dictionary Medical nurse. Paris: Masson, 1992.
[3] Encyclopedia medico-surgically treated OB / GYN. Paris: Editions Elsevier, updated quarterly. Also available on: http://www.em-consulte.com/produits/traites ( accessed 14/06/2008).
[4] Encyclopedia medico-surgical practice Treaty Akos Encyclopedia of Medicine. Paris: Editions scientific and Elsevier, 8 volumes, updated quarterly.
[5] ABES: Bibliographic Agency for Higher Education. University System of documentation [online]. Montpellier: OCLC Pica, 1999 to 2002. Available at: http://www.sudoc.abes.fr ( accessed 09/21/2004).
[6] BIUM: Interuniversity Library of Medicine. BIUM (Paris Interuniversity Library of Medicine and Dentistry) [online]. Paris: 1996. Available http://www.bium.univ-paris5.fr/medecine/debut.htm (Accessed 21/09/2004 ).
[7] INIST-CNRS Institute for Scientific and Technical Information - National Centre for Scientific Research. Search with Article @ INIST [online]. INIST-CNRS, 2004. Available at: http://services.inist.fr/public/fre/conslt.htm ( accessed 14/06/2008).
[8] NLM: National Library of Medicine. Enter Pubmed [online]. NCBI - NIH, 1997. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed (accessed the 24/09/2004).
[9] Network BDSP. BDSP, Databank Public Health [online]. Rennes: ENSP - Network BDSP, 1993. Available at: http://www.bdsp.tm.fr ( accessed 24/09/2004).
[10] CHU de Rouen. Doc'CISMeF: search Medicine [online]. Rouen: CHU de Rouen, 2008. Available at: http://doccismef.chu-rouen.fr/servlets/Simple ( accessed 14/06/2008).
[11] Elsevier. Scirus, for Scientific Information [online]. FAST - Elsevier, 2004. Available at: http://www.scirus.com ( accessed 24/09/2004).
[12] National College of Midwives. National Council of the Order of Elders - women [online]. Paris: National College of Midwives, 2002. Available at:
http://www.ordre-sages-femmes.fr ( accessed 24/09/2004).
[13] Department of Health and Welfare. Site Department of Health and social protection [online]. Paris: MSPS. Available at: http://www.sante.gouv.fr ( accessed 09/24/2004).
[14] ANAES: National Agency for Accreditation and Health Evaluation. www.anaes.fr [online]. Plaine Saint-Denis: ANAES. Available at: http://www.anaes.fr ( accessed 09/24/2004).
[15] D. BOUDIER, Nadja F. Management Guide references. Writing and quote [online]. Villeurbanne: Doc'INSA, 2004. Available at:
http://docinsa.insa-lyon.fr/refbibli/index.php ( accessed 14/06/2008).
[16] AFNOR: French Association for Standardization. bibliographical references. Content, form and structure . NF Z44-005. Paris: AFNOR, 1987.
[17] AFNOR: French Association for Standardization. bibliographical references. Part 2: electronic documents, documents or parts of documents . NF ISO 690-2 (Z44005-2). Paris: AFNOR, 1998.
databases to examine priority
part in preparation (06/10/2010)
The four major bibliographic databases, specialized presented and used in methods courses documentary, and some others are:
The database Public Health ( BDSP )
this basis, the simplest use, you will find mainly references to articles, but also other types of documents such as briefs or conference proceedings. Some documents are available directly online. They are indicated by icons in a file visible in the results list. You can select online resources upon registration of your search on the advanced search. You will find the index of reviews reported in this database at the following address: http://www.bdsp.ehesp.fr/Periodiques/Default.asp . When an article from a periodical you seem relevant to your search, you will its title track (the correct name of the journal) and compare it with the list of journals in library membership (state of the collections available to the section: funds the BEH this site) display in another window for example during the interrogation of the database. If the journal is subscription, you have to see in the library. If the journal is not a subscription, you can get a copy of the requested item through interlibrary loan (ILL) DDS from the University Paul Verlaine of Metz ( link ). This service requires prior registration on the spot.
University System Documentation ( SUDOC )
This bibliographic database, comprehensive, identifies funds by French academic libraries and associated documentation center, whose university libraries (or common service documentation) of medicine. You will not find references to articles . By cons, you can find most journals necessary to your research, as well as theses, memoirs and books. Some documents are available directly online. Access to the resource is then indicated in the display of the full record of the document. To locate a library that has a journal that is not available at the BEH, to request a reproduction of an article to the ILL DDS Metz example (after you register prior to the service of the ILL site) ( link ), you should use the "Where to find this document?" available on the bibliographic record for the magazine. The same approach will be to obtain books or memoirs.
catalog and index of French-speaking medical sites ( CISMEF )
The Medical Subject Headings - bilingual ( MESH ) (medical thesaurus)
Network documentary Mental Health ( Ascodocpsy )
REFDOC ( REFDOC )
WRAPIN ( WRAPIN )
consult EM (EM consult )
Google Scholar ( Google scholar )
Additions to follow
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